针灸能治疗的疾病有哪些?
- 恶心和呕吐: 大量研究表明有一个位点上的针灸能有效缓解各种形式的恶心和呕吐。该位点 (也称为 P6 点) 位于前臂内侧、腕部之上约 5~6 厘米处。虽然研究结果并不完全一致,但至少 P6 位点刺激能适当改善包括麻醉诱发的、早孕反应及其它形式的恶心和呕吐。

- 肌腱炎: 有几项研究发现针灸能改善肌腱炎 (包括肩、肘部的肌腱炎)。例如,在一项涉及425例肩部肌腱炎患者的临床试验中,将患者随机分成两组,一组接受真针灸治疗,另一组接受假穴位针灸治疗。结果,在治疗后一周,真针灸组比假穴位针灸组有显著改善。

- 怀孕: 一项涉及210例孕妇的对照研究发现:真针灸要比假穴位针灸在减轻分娩疼痛方面更为有效。另一项研究评估了针灸是否能倒转 “臀先露胎儿” 的胎位至正常。这项涉及240位孕妇 (妊娠期为 33~35 周) 的研究显示,针灸联合艾灸可使 54% 的孕妇宫内的臀先露胎儿转位至正常;而在无处理的对照组,只有 37% 的孕妇的胎儿发生转位。另外,2008年发表了一个综述,它分析了7个临床试验,得出结论:针灸能显著增加体外受精妇女的妊娠几率。

- 骨关节炎: 关于针灸治疗骨关节炎的有效性还没有最终定论。在对很多有关的研究进行评估后,一篇发表的综述指出:针灸应该被推荐为是一种有效治疗骨关节炎的方法。有趣的是,另一项发表于2007年的综述提出了与之不同的观点。它认为与不治疗相比,真针灸确实对骨关节炎有显著的效果,但假穴位针灸对治疗骨关节炎也同样有效 (心理作用的缘故?)。

- 头痛: 针灸对治疗各种各样的头痛 (包括偏头痛和紧张性头痛) 都显示出一定的希望。然而,研究报道结果并不一致,其中设计最严谨的试验并没有发现针灸的有益之处。2008年,一项对5个被认为研究质量最高的随机对照试验的分析显示,在治疗紧张性头痛方面,真针灸相比于假穴位针灸有一定的疗效,但效果有限。

- 颈部疼痛: 2006年一项对10个针灸治疗慢性颈部疼痛研究的综合分析发现,真针灸要比假穴位针灸治疗有效得多,至少在短期内如此。

- 上瘾: 虽然有些动物实验显示耳部针灸可能对戒除化学药物的上瘾 (包括可卡因、酒精、海洛因及吸烟上瘾) 有一定的作用,但是人体试验的结果并不一致。比如,一项对620例可卡因上瘾的成年人的评估试验发现,真针灸并没有比假穴位针灸或放松训练更有效。然而,在一个相对小型的研究中却显示出针灸有一定的疗效。

- 背部疼痛: 至今为止,尚无十分可靠的证据支持针灸治疗背痛的有效性。很多被引用的看似能提供这方面证据的研究,实际上由于缺乏合适的对照组,结果并不可靠。毋庸置疑,有很多背痛患者接受针灸治疗后疼痛得到了明显的好转,但问题是接受假穴位针灸治疗的患者也得到了明显的好转,而且程度相仿。比如,一项涉及1162例背痛患者的临床试验比较了真针灸、假穴位针灸和传统治疗之间的疗效区别,结果发现真针灸和假穴位针灸均显示出双倍的有效性 (和传统治疗相比),但是,真针灸和假穴位针灸之间的差别很细微。另一项研究同样也证实针灸要比标准的理疗有效,但由于研究对象是中国人群,因此有可能是因为他们相信传统针灸治疗胜过理疗的缘故。

- 中风: 在中国,针灸被广泛用来治疗急性中风。但在最近10年发表的几篇关于针灸治疗中风的对照研究中,设计最严谨、样本量最大的一项研究并没发现针灸治疗的有效性。例如,一项涉及104例近期内中风患者的对照研究发现,为期10周的针灸对患者的病情并没有改善。

- 手术后疼痛: 针灸是缓解手术后疼痛的一种方法,而且效果明显。2008年研究者对15项对照试验的综合性分析发现,手术后立刻接受真针灸治疗比假穴位针灸更能缓解术后疼痛。

- 失眠: 目前,针灸对治疗失眠的疗效还没有定论。一项涉及84位疗养院居住者的研究发现,真针灸要比假穴位针灸对改善睡眠质量有效得多。在另一项研究中发现,接受针灸的参与者与未接受针灸的参与者相比,睡眠质量也有显著改善。但问题是:假穴位针灸和真针灸同样有效。

- 痛经: 一项小规模的双盲对照研究发现:真针灸要比假穴位针灸在缓解痛经方面有效得多。

- 慢性疲劳: 一项对照研究发现:真针灸要比假穴位针灸对改善慢性疲劳更有效。

- 膀胱疾病: 一项对67例有频繁膀胱炎症的女性患者的研究发现,针灸治疗能减少炎症复发。另一项研究也发现针灸可能对治疗膀胱过度活动症 (即频繁尿急而无炎症) 也有一定的帮助。

- 过敏性鼻炎: 一项对52例过敏性鼻炎 (花粉症) 患者的研究发现,“针灸加中药” 治疗比 “假穴位针灸加假中药” 治疗更有效。但是,另一项研究发现单用针灸并不能改善过敏性鼻炎。而且,一份对7个对照试验的详细综合分析也没有得到让人信服的证据证明针灸治疗对过敏性鼻炎有效。

- 绝经期症状: 5项小规模的对比研究发现:针灸能改善绝经期症状。但是这些研究绝大多数有明显的设计缺陷或数据分析不科学,因此结果并不一定可靠。

- 精神压力: 有一项研究比较了健康人群实施耳部真针灸和耳部假穴位针灸的效果,结果发现真针灸能缓解日常压力。

- 性无能: 一项小规模研究发现:在治疗性无能方面,真针灸要比假穴位针灸有效得多。

- 减肥: 虽然针灸广泛应用于减肥,但支持它有效的证据微弱,且结果不一致。

- 溃疡性结肠炎: 针灸对缓解溃疡性结肠炎症状显示出一定的前景,但尚无定论。

- 哮喘: 有大量研究报道针灸可用于治疗哮喘,但发表的绝大多数研究质量低下,而且结果相互矛盾。

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